French Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Revolution EssayTo fully explain the root cause of Modern Nationalism, wholeness must look into what has transpired in the French Revolution. In 1789, the French revolution was born. There were transitions of power acquisition in the vital parts of Europe. On the fourteenth of July 1789, Bastille was under siege and on October the King Louis XVI and Royal Family was dethroned from Versailles and ended up to Paris. King Louis XVI was the ruler back then so his surrender can be equated to a total loss of order and authority. There were several attempts to escape the ouster of King Louis XVI but unfortunately it failed. With no clear power over the vast land, an assembly was formed to have a well-rounded and organized republic comprised of Austria, Holland, Prussia and Sardinia. When the republic was formed, King Louis was executed for his authoritarianism which have entailed for the sprouting of the Revolutionary Tribunal. France did not participate with this political o rientation because of the resistance of Napoleon Bonaparte.Napoleon Bonaparte acquired control of the Consulate to proliferate a uniform law, equality, property rights and eradication of feudalism. Geographically, France is situated between the two large clusters of the liberal advocates. Basically, the French Revolution was the clash between the liberals and the radicals. Liberalists are those people who adhere to a hardly society through the divine law that is hereditary through culture while radicals are those who adhere to line of thinking that change and variation from the overaged system must manifest for a better society.From the clashes of the two opposing ideologies of the French Revolution, a new ideology was formed which is the Modern Nationalism. Nationalism is an ideology which focuses on the unity of the members of the nation to have a single national identity given basis to ethnicity, origin and the cultural background of these nations (Miscevic, 2005). The essence of adhering to the patriot Ideology is to establish a state. A state is political entity that is assumed to have a high-pitched degree of sovereignty (Miscevic, 2005).The state has a high sovereignty because it is assumed that the power is centralized with this entity. All of the members of the nation must abide to the imposed terms and conditions made by the state. The state can be polymorphous in way that it can be democratic and also can be totalitarian. The two opposing kingdoms of Italy and Germany were united. Despite of their contrasting beliefs, they found a way to remedy the situation and push through for the development of the nation.In 1871, they were united but the times went sour when the nation needed a furbish up leader of the two states. It is assumed and predicted that there go out be conflict between Italy and Germany because of their adherence to Liberalism and Nationalism, respectively. Guissepe Mazzini was a radical revolutionary thinker that viewed the Ita ly as a state under an umbrella of control by a foreign authority. He wanted to free Italy from nationalistic ideology that it has adhered to since he was a liberalist.With his propaganda mission, he was put into bars in Italy. His revolutionary act were extremely refuted by the nationalist view hence he did not stop pursuing his case of shifting Italy to a liberal state. Nationalism is a good ideology but it has some loopholes like any other ideologies. Some of them are it is overly predictive and presumptuous, why, because it always aims to unite people that are completely different from one another. Cultural relativism can be an issue for nationalism.Second, the selection of state that will be the center of authority, this is very important hence no one could tell what possible qualities should a good state possess and it all boils vote out to who has the greater means of production. Lastly, it assumes that the world possesses a harmonious relation, but in reality, we are driv en by conflict.ReferencesCody, D. (2007). French Revolution. The Victorian Website. Hartwick College. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http//www. victorianweb. org/history/hist7. hypertext mark-up language Spitzer, A. (2005). Tocquevilles Modern Nationalism. Oxford Journals.University of Iowa. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http//fh. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/48 Chastain, J. (2004). Guissepe Mazzini. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http//www. ohiou. edu/chastain/index. htm Chew, R. (1995). Napoleon I Emperor of French. Lucidcafe Website. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http//www. lucidcafe. com/lucidcafe. hypertext mark-up language Miscevic, N. (2005). Nationalism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on November 6, 2007 from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/nationalism/1. 2

Somethings Coming Essay Example for Free

Somethings Coming Essay

History Of Luxury Goods Industry Marketing Essay

History Of mettlesomelife Goods Industry Marketing EssayIn deeply 1996, aft(prenominal) collaboration ended between BBL (Bharat Bijlee Ltd), a Mumbai (India) based elevator Business Company and Schindler, a Swiss-based elevator and escalator causer. Schildler started planning to go and expand the vocation fully own subsidiary.In 1874, Robert Schindler established the confederacy in Switzerland. The partnership starts manufacturing the escalators in 1989 and by 1998 the connection had worldwide presence and revenues of 6.6 zillion Swiss Francs. The company employed over 38,000 in 97 subsidiaries and looking to start own operation in India.Alferd N. Schindler, Chairman of the company felt that India had a large emerging grocery and the company had great growth potential. He himself spent several weeks in India and travel in different cities to understand the commercialize and potential. India is not relatively a new market for Schindler in 1925, first elevator was installe d in India. In late 1950s Schindler appointive local distributor to increase the market presence and agreement done with ECE, an Indian Company which was later ended in 1958. In 1985 Schindler entered into a technical collaboration with Mumbai-based Bharat Bijlee ltd (BBL) to manufacture and deceive its elevator.Silvia Napoli, a Harvard MBA graduate joined Schindler in Sept 1994 as head of corporate planning in companys headquarters in Ebikon, Switzerland. Napoli had been appointed vice-president of South-Asia and Head of the IndiaINTRODUCTIONThe sumptuousness practiceds industry is well established in Italy about the region in Europe. Most of the family- controlled luxuriousness good cross outs and few of the company still run by 5th generations. The node segment atomic number 18 high end-rich customers basically middle termd but the flair was changed and the companies also targeted youths. The make headway margin of the highlife goods is very high i.e. up to 70% so th ere is large amount of revenue spent on marketing and advancement. Luxury goods are a matter and current formulate trend and maintaining of high status in the society. Middle income groups customers have a dream to bargain for the highlife goods one day in future and join the elite club.HISTORY OF LUXURY GOODS INDUSTRYIn 1837, Thierry Hermes founded a company manufacturing e specially luxury lash goods. Later 1923, Gucci established in Italy and there are many more(prenominal) companies established in between and after in Italy and around the Europe. 150 days of luxury goods manufacturing history roots in Europe.ANALYSIS (BASES ON PORTERS FIVE FORCE OF COMPETATIVE POSITION)MARKET ENTRANTSAbout 75% luxury goods are manufactured in Europe and there is a huge demand of these products in Europe and overseas especially in North America, Japan and other Asiatic countries. The spheric market for luxury brands in 2001 is around $70 billion. LVMH commands the largest market share o f 15% compared with 6% of the next largest group.Geographic distribution of global wealth, the market is dissever into 3 geographical areas such as Europe, North America, Japan and other Asian countries approximately 40% of sales are made in Europe, 28% in North America and 24% in Asia, with the remaining 8% scattered amongst the remaining regions. YSL Couture generates 60% of its revenue in Asia, as does 35% of Hermes, 40% of Christian Lacroix sales, more than 50% of Leica sales.Overall luxury goods market segmentSl No.Luxury Goods categoryPercentageFragrance and cosmetics24- 37%Ready-to-wear and fashion14-30%Leather and shoes13-16%Watches and jewelry08-32%Wines and spirits15-22%Others05-09%COMPETATIVE RIVALRYThe fashion luxury goods companies are basically located in Italy or in Europe. So their ethnical background is same and almost all brands are family-oriented luxury goods business. Few companies are received by public, and Gucci was one of them. There are advantages and di sadvantages for both family farm as compared with public company and vice versa. The basic competition is not the price war its about product propose and brand reckon. Guccis creative director gobbler Ford is an advantage edge for the company who give a new direction to the company i.e. fashion-oriented approach, which makes Gucci truly a luxurious brand.In 1998, sales by product come across (please take in case notes exhibits 2) gave an idea that Gucci was 3rd position of lash goods sales, 4th in Jewelry and watches and 5th in apparel. It gives a detrimental picture to the s shootholders that Gucci is not become a leading luxury brand in any specialized category of goods. However, at the beginning Gucci specialized for leather goods. The positive point is that Gucci doesnt need to depend on a specific category of good which was a good sign. The company balanced overall sells figure and not dependent on a specific category of goods.In 1998 sales by region (please see exhibit 1), Gucci was doing overall good business and balanced the sales figure almost same in North America, Europe and Asia. Whereas the other brands such as LVMH and Bulgari is mingy to Guccis sales distribution. It was a good indication for Gucci that during regional frugal downturn the company compensates overall sells in other region. Recent days natural disasters and terrorists threats increases, which affects the regional economy ant period e.g. 9/11 attack in U.S., 26/11 in India, Gulf war, war against Taliban, volcano eruption in Iceland tsunami in east Asian countries etc.PRODUCT AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTThere are no real substitutes for the luxury goods grease ones palmsers. Cost is not a big factor for luxury goods, customers look for elegant construct. Customers might not be so found of particular objectiveer unless the designer famous likes Tom Ford who associated to Gucci. Technology plays a big role to shape the products and increase volume of the intersection. Wit h use of the latest technology the feeling of the product give be high standard and production leave behind be faster so that easy to balance the production and demand.Gucci understand this important step of the business so De furbish up helps the supplier to hand over latest technology and financial support for up gradation of the equipment for e.g. If Gucci uses the latest technology to cut the leather and results cutting will be better, faster and wastage of materials will be less. High quality leather is very costly so lot of savings for Gucci and ultimately production is cost less and high profits margin.SUPPLIERSSuppliers are backbone of a company and without cooperation of suppliers a company will be paralyzed any clip. So the relation between the supplier and the company should be close and good for future success of the company. Specially, when companies outsource the goods. Guccis success is because of the quality craftsmanship and which all-time low in 1993 becaus e unable to pay. De Sole visited both individual suppliers and selected best of them and cut the tranquility and pushes them hard to reach the parameter of Guccis first moment. Suppliers have clear vision after discussion with De Sole that what they have to go on the relationship with Gucci. The relation was better and transparent, which help to modify the brand image though quality products and on time delivery.CUSTOMERSThere are two types of customersThe super-richThe middle-market customersThe super-rich customers (or high net worth Individuals) seem not subject to the world economic cycles. In addition, they are a growing number. The middle-market customers are those that are willing to buy luxury goods, but they want the hottest, trendiest design, which increasingly have to be marketed in creative and expensive ways. They can potentially expand the market quite dramatically, as they are part of the upper-middle class. They are considered to be both a great opportunity. Guc ci understand this and changed their strategies from classic image to fashion-oriented approach where they can attract large middle-market family of customers. While the price is less and no of customers is more. Hence, the cash flow is more the sales figure in 1994 (please see exhibit 1) total revenue was $263.6 one million million million and in 2001 the sales figure reached to $2,285.0 million.GICCIS POSITIONES AND DE SOLES CRITICAL MOVESGucci was a family controlled business and from the beginning has experienced many changes since it founded in Florence in 1923. In 1950s Guccis first un indomitable outside Europe DOS store in New York. Very fast the products attract the famous celebrities around the world. As celebrities are using the luxury goods Gucci gets publicity through the media and Gucci become a luxury global brand. The brand expands their stores in 1970s UK, Japan, Hong Kong and other Asian countries.In the 1980s after Rodolfo Gucci died, the family-run company fac es new challenges internally from their own family members. In 1989, InvestCorp Int. acquires a 50% share in Gucci and forms a 50-50 joint venture with Maurizio Gucci. Later in 1993 the Gucci family sold rest of the share to InvestCorp Int. and InvestCorp Int. gains full ownership of the company. After acquired by InvestCop Int. Gucci become a public company and listed on variant stock exchanges respectively.In early 1990s, the complete luxury goods industry was going through downturn because of gulf war, the US recession and reduced no of tourists around the world because lots of economic dubiousness and anti US sentiment after the Gulf war.In 1994-1995, the first professional managers team took charge of Gucci group by Domenico De Sole as a CEO of the company and Tom Ford, creative director of the company. De Sole was appointed by Maurinzio Gucci as a legal adviser, president and managing director of the company of Gucci America. He was associated with the company for few years and he has cultural and geographical knowledge of Europe as he is native of Rome and he completed his higher(prenominal) essay in US. When De Sole took over charge as a CEO in 1995 the company had $500 million net revenue and in 2001, the total revenue of the company is $2,285 million (please see exhibit 1). The operational cost was high $121.1 million and the figure changed to $355.1. The growth of total revenue and the operating cost gives a clear picture that there are lots of initiative had been taken to improve the image and expansion of the brand.Mr. De Sole had been taken various critical majors to repositioned Gucci and he did some fundamental moves or withdrew some family plans and transformed the family-based mono brand to a multi brand. He restructured the organization results he took close and fired few old employees and appointed new managers who have deep retail experiences. Its a great move to regenerate new energy and specialization to the pool of employee, whic h helped to redistribute the work force. It also helped to translate the companys goal (corporate train) to execute the job in the business and functional level. It gave more power to the individual stores to take conclusivenesss for day to day task without wasting time to get approval from corporate or business level.The decision of distribution control and whole sale distribution moved to in-house. It helped the company to improve distribution channel whereas earlier the distribution was disorganized and delay in delver the goods. It also helped to deliver on time and centralized inventory system to monitor the stocks of goods and supply. Stopped licensing to the new products helped to improve quality and to improve the brand image.Gucci also unaffixeds the luxury brand image and indomitable to outsource limited to Italy based suppliers and reduced the no of suppliers drastically. De Sole selected few trusted suppliers and helped them financially and technology to improve the overall quality of the products. Uses of latest technology helped to improve quality of goods, and cost effective as well volume increased. Only 5% premium range of products manufactured in-house to maintain high quality standard and brand image.A very crucial decision had been taken to move from classic image to fashion-oriented approach. Basically Guccis customers are 30-50 years womens. With globalization and rivalrous market Gucci need to rethink the position to be competitive in the market. The companys new strategy was fashion-oriented approach to attract both sex average age of 25 years customer segment. So the decision was taken to spend more to attract youth customers so an average of 10% spent on the advertising. The companys new strategy fashion-oriented, which increased customers expectation and they expected new fashion goods in every seasons result the company had to invested more to designing and production.It was also decided that Gucci group products should be prim ary shells through direct operated stores (DOS) (please see exhibit 2). It is very important for a brand that when a customer buys a luxury product the customer must get an essence of luxury treat, good presentation and high class service which is not possible to maintain for franchises shops and trade dealers. DOS also contribute and anticipate the brand image and brand publicity.Right strategies planned in the corporate level lead by De Sole and well supported by his executive group and all together their effort to transform Gucci from a moribund brand into a billion-dollar company (please see exhibit 2). In 1998, the Gucci group become a one billion-dollar company Maurizios dream comes true.DE SOLES STRETIGIC MOVE TO BUY YSL AND SRThe family oriented single-brand firms were facing challenges due to close competition with the luxury multi-brands companies. To overcome the challenges in 1998-1999 there were a sharp rate of increase in mergers and acquisitions. LVMHs portfolio cont inuously increased and in 1999 company spends around $2.9 billion on acquisition on the leading brands. Later Prada and LVHM formed a joint venture that beat out Gucci too acquire 51% of Fendi for close to $600 million. In 1999, LVMH spend $1.4 billion to become Guccis largest shareholder and LVMH want to buy Gucci. Also LVMH want to appoint a director to Guccis board so that LVHM come to know Guccis strategic moves Gucci emerged competitor for LVHM. Later PPR bought 40% of Gucci for $2.9 billion, diluting LVMHs holding to 19.6%.In Nov 1999, Gucci acquired Sanofi Beaute consisting of two sister companies Yves Saint Laurent Coutre, which produced YSL ready-to-wear and accessories and YSL Beaute, which produced cosmetic goods. Gucci also acquire 70% share of Sergio Rossi paid of $96 million, which makes high-fashion shoes. This acquisition transforms Gucci into a multi-brand luxury group with nearly $3billion in cash.This acquisition continues challenge for Gucci to handle YSL and SR as a different brand because both brands have their own identity and a segment of customers e.g. Guccis ready-to-wear is totally diffident from YSL ready-to-wear. Guccis also dont want to loose YSLs customer to make a single brand. Both brands have their own DOS in Europe, US and Asia. Even it is easy for Gucci to operate YSL and SR without ever-changing the management team, only need YSLs SRs CEO need to report to De Sole and Tom Ford appointed creative director of YSL.The sales figure after acquisition of YSL and SR in (please see exhibit-1) in 2000-2001 around 30% revenue contributed by these brands and Guccis performance also improved individually. The decision of acquisition of YSL and SR was taken very quickly just to follow LVSR. However, Gucci itself goes through transition phase. Any decision, which makes profit of the company consider to be a good decision for the company.GUCCIS STRATEGY TO GOING FORWARDThere are lot of scope to improve or to make new strategies for Gucci s expansion and improve the brand image are as suchTo expand the stores in other Asian countries such as China and India, these two countries are emerging new economic power of the world. There is a big group of wealthy customers who have capacity to expend to buy luxury goods and they travel to Dubai and Singapore just for shopping. In China, customers can buy online Guccis products from China based manufacturer, which is not a good strategy for a luxury brand. It will help to flourish the gray market and the customers cannot enjoy and get essence of luxury goods shopping.The Asian customers are still not very comfortable of buying the luxury goods online. Online shopping might be a good option for American and European customers. Its always good for a luxury brand to sell the goods directly in the market. When a customer buys luxury goods they would like to celebrate the moment with their friends and family members so this moment will be missing in online shopping.In Asian countri es it will be unvoiced for Guccis to establish and run their business and make significant profit. Asian counties are culturally very deep rooted, which influence the business. These countries have their own fashion trends and they are quite capable to change the trend of fashion any time. Such as Indias Bollywood industry which plays a big role to change the fashion trend with just release of one movie and brings the new trend of fashion. China and Koreas visual media is dominant on the fashion industry. To overcome this challenge its good for Gucci to design some luxury goods with the help of local designers which will reflect the culture of that country. Real world example like McDonald and KFC and few other global brands their products or menus are different form country to country to attract local customers and compete with the local challenges or brands. Gucci need continue to sell their classic design goods which are universally accepted to maintain the luxury classic brand image.Duty free shop (DFS) is a good platform to showcase, promote and sell the luxury goods. There are long list of international and national airport terminals which is better than a mall. In Asia, New Delhi, Dubai, Singapore and Thailand and many more airports, which are world-class. Asian travellers or customers would like to save money while shopping so shopping at DFS stores is a good place to buy Guccis products. Selection of airport and country is very crucial for Gucci to open DFS.According to Kotler, Traditionally, price has been the major determinant of buyers choice. only if there are few exceptions for e.g. sis products, medicines and luxury goods. For baby products the profit margin is very high and companies know the fact that parent dont comprise with the quality of the product because baby is very naked as well as future of the next generation.Medicine is costly because of the research and development and the pharmaceutical companies keeps high price to make more profit. No choice for the patients as they want to cure fast so they have to buy good quality medicine. So the Government and WHO controls the price of few essentials medicines specially vaccines and life saving drugs and gives subsidy to reduce the price of the medicine for common people and poor countries.But in case of luxury goods customers are volitionally to pay high price for the luxury goods. They just care about the brand image in the society and the quality of the product. Most importantly, Gucci continuing to improve the brand image and quality of the products. Promotion of the brand by famous international celebrities as a brand ambassador or with top models. unblemished products are the assets of Guccis and the customers associate with the classic goods are loyal customers of Gucci. The production cost will be less to manufacture the classic goods in comparison to design and production of new goods. There is less chances of loss because the classic models never off fa shion and there is average demands of the good round the year.Guccis fashion-oriented move will be challenging for the designers to design new trend fashion and creative goods. The company need to attract talented creative designers around the world because the customers expectation will increase with increase of buying power and they want new items in every special occasion or season.It is important for a brand or product, which will anticipate the brand and it is lacking in case of Guccis. A real life example is iTune which anticipate huge success of iPod and iPhone and vice-versa and another is Harvard Business School and publication etc. Gucci can start a fashion designing school it will bring the brand to the next level of expertise goods manufacturer and technology equipped institution. The company can earn money through the institution and hire their own students after complete the study or training. It will help Gucci group to groom their future employee and save expenses tr aining of new employees for 3 years. Gucci group will get huge publicity through different media outside the luxury world, which attract new segment of customers. Gucci can also save money on advertising. It is also true that luxury industry hide lot of information from outside world and media to keep secret of their success or signature work and design etc. But nothing is possible if the idea is creative and innovative. point 1GUCCI GROUP PERFORMANCE 1994-2001Exhibit 2GUCCI GROUP RETAIL NETWORK DEVELOPMENTExhibit 3GUCCI GROUP REVENUES REGIONExhibit 4GUCCI GROUP REVENUES CHANNELExhibit 5OUTSTANDING BRANDS AND PRODUCTSExhibit 6GUCCI GROUP DIVISIONS

Social work case study: Young and single mother

Social work case charter Young and iodine mformer(a)General Category of Service User Level OneEriksons Stages of Human Development (Kalat, 2010, p.173) divides a humans liveliness into stages. individually stage highlights specific tasks which sire to be completed in front moving onto the next stage. Each stage seduces its own physical, affectionate and emotional conflicts. These stages foster to look on where a someone is in their life-time, rather than basing it on their age. Rachel Clark is nineteen familys old, and is at the physical stage of a young adult, late teens to too soon twenties. However, as she has non except developed her identity, it is fair to say she is tranquillize at the stage of an adolescent, early teens. Erikson greatly emphasised the adolescent period, as it is a constitutional stage for a person to develop their identity. The chief(prenominal) conflict at this stage is kick downstairs k directn as identity versus role confusion. Since mov ing choke to Northern Ireland from Liverpool, Rachel had to move from one fri suppresss ho drop to another before finally finding a place of her own. This whitethorn wipe cancelled touch on Rachels confidence and increased her stress. Prior to meeting with Rachel it is important to consider where she is now living and who her peers be. Theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.44) is germane(predicate) to Rachels case as it is important to lowstand if her psychological needs are being met in order for her to grow. In an attempt to tot upress unmet need, the use of interventions, such as assessment is proposed and these requirements are legislated for in the Children Acts across the UK. Assessment is apply to make manageable informed decisions about meeting client needs (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.7) Assessment textiles such as Understanding the Needs of Children in Northern Ireland (UNOCINI) are employ to not only assess the child but in any case to assess the parents capacity to meet the needs of the child. Additionally, assessment is utilize to help the service user and worker to identify whatsoever areas which require growth and change. The UNOCINI framework is to a fault in line with legislation such as the Children (NI) Order (1995) and Article 8 of the Human Rights Act (1998) right to respect for private and family life (legislation, n.d.), which are excessively funda psychic while working with Rachels case. Additionally, the stages of Egans Skilled Helper Model can assist in providing a basic framework for the helping process (Egan, 2002, p.25). Each of these stages are a set of tasks establish intimately a theme that assist clients in moving send to help develop opportunities and provide assistance in managing problems.Information specific to the service user/s Level twoRachel Clark is a nineteen year old, who is currently residing in Northern Ireland. She is a wholeness parent to a son named Jamie, two years old. Rachels parents divorced when she was xv. Following this, her mother and dozen year old brother, Mark, moved to Liverpool with Mrs Clarks boyfriend, Gavin. Rachel was unable to settle in Liverpool and quickly lost interest in her education. Rachel became pregnant at sixteen and gave acquit to her son, Jamie, at s regular(a)teen. Rachels relationship with Jamies father terminate before Jamie was born. Rachel returned to Northern Ireland six months ago with Jamie. Following this, Rachel had to move from one friends home to another until she was granted rented accommodation from a local housing association. It has also been mentioned that Rachels grandmother lives nearby and provides support for Rachel on a routine basis. There has been reason for concern with Rachels situation following a call from one of her neighbours, they wish to remain anonymous. It has been stated that Rachel is partying all night and sleeping all day, thither is a collection of rubbish within Rachels garden and it has been reported that Jamie has been heard crying on occasions. Prior to the sign interview with Rachel, it is important to have a go off overview of objectives and aims prepared. The main aim is to engage with Rachel and some objectives may includeTo find out if there is any truth in the allegations made against Rachel.If Rachel is acquiring the full financial/emotional support available to her.What kind of support she receives from her grandmother and to establish if respite may be requisite to give both Rachel and her grandmother a break from Jamie.As Rachel is a young mother, it is important to make sure she is receiving all the help and support that is available. These include financial support, housing support and any child maintenance that is available to her. Although Jamies father is not on the scene, Rachel will til now be able to claim child maintenance. This is perhaps something that could be discussed with Rachel. The financial help availab le to Rachel is also something that could be discussed, to make sure she is receiving all the financial support possible. It is stated that Rachel receives daily support from her grandmother, but it does not state what kind of help or what age her grandmother is. It may also be important to consider if respite may be required for both Rachel and her grandmother, to allow them both to have a break from Jamie at convictions. Specific microscope stage of Work/Tuning in to SUs feelings/anticipations of potential SU objectives Level terce.A key skill during the preliminary phase of social work is to develop a sense of empathy. It is also essential to develop some initial strategies for responding directly to indirect words or actions. This skill is described as Putting the clients feelings into words (Shulman, 2012, p.148). In Rachels case, it is important to consider what it might be like to be an adolescent. It is essential to get in touch with possible feelings and anxieties that a client might be feeling. In this case, Rachel may be feeling anxious about what kind of worker or person she is expiry to be meeting with. It is important to engage with the service user and to establish a rapport to help her feel at ease and to gain her trust. Furthermore, telling preparation highlights your concern for the service user and therefore makes them feel valued. It is important to consider how Rachel might be feeling during the point of first gear contact with social services. She may be feeling angry that someone has reported her for neglecting her son, as well as showing anxieties about whether or not she will have her son taken a bearing from her. It is important to acknowledge how difficult it must be for Rachel to have a social worker talk to her about things that could be a sensitive subject.Tuning in to own feelings, values and skills Level four.It is important for me, as a social worker, to tune into my own feelings and possible anxieties before beginning th e first session with Rachel. The reason for this, is because if they are not addressed before hand then they may arise during the interview session, cause a distraction and may ultimately affect my ability to help Rachel. To establish a rapport with Rachel, personal values such as respect, honesty and kindness would be beneficial and would help to relax the client when they know you are showing a genuine interest. The values and skills within social work concur to the process of aiding others from a professional perspective. Professional values such as social comelyice, respect for their rights and professional integrity will also come into answer before and during the interview with Rachel. A number of communication skills can be use to engage with Rachel. Talking and listening skills such as paraphrasing, the use of airfoil questions, clarifying, reflecting and summarising would show evidence of genuine interest. Other skills such as body language will show non-verbal indicat ions of my attitude or feelings to fightds Rachel, so it is important to have an open posture. Likewise, the ability to respond to non-verbal cues are also important during the interview session. But, or so importantly, the ability to be empathetic is a fundamental skill which is required to help develop strategies and relate to the service user. The use of non-verbal methods, such as self-perception questionnaires, a problem tree or using a life line, are other communication skills which could be used to help Rachel interact with me. Additionally, Rachel might feel an impact of oppression with stereotyping based on her gender, age, gender or mental ability to cope. She may feel like the social services are judging her because she is a young, single mum and therefore, she might feel tense and under pressure. To understand how discrimination and inequalities are present in the interaction between service users and social workers, it is useful to consider the situation in toll of th ree levels. The personal, cultural and societal level, referred to as Thompsons PCS model (Thompson, 2012, p.33). Thompsons PCS model is important to comprehend as it states how personal beliefs, cultural norms and structural institutions combine to create oppression in society. china The Ancient CivilizationChina The Ancient CivilizationThere is no modern without an ancient just as there is no present without a past. E realthing we have today we owe to the bright minds of our ancestors, and their ancestors. Al close every gadget,1tool, and crook we have today is the result of a persons fret to make life a little easier, a persons desire to explore something overbold, and a persons effort to understand the world around them.Of the ancient civilizations, it seems that the Chinese were the most curious, and most driven to enhance the persona of life. They had the most prominent and strongly impacting frauds not just during their time, but for all time. The Chinese inventions have three clear instalments. These are volunteer(a), medicinal and technological, and military.The people of ancient China made many a(prenominal) significant advancements in the fields of both perception and medicinal drug, which only continues to show how ripe and modernized their way of thinking was tush then. A lot of the medical treatments still being practiced by doctors today stem from ancient Chinese practices records of such have been found as early as the Zhou Dynasty ( one hundred five0-256 BCE). In Confucius The Book of Rites, there is a record that speaks about court physicians and their division of medical teaching into internal medicine, surgery, nutrition and veterinary practice, evidence that medicine was already very such(prenominal) developed during those times. Ancient China had contributed to many branches of medicine including of pharmacology, endocrinology, clinical medicine, public health, acupuncture, and medical education.The very beginning of Chinese medicine is attributed to Shennong, the legendary emperor, who had personally tasted hundreds of plants in order to chance which ones had medicinal values. He was also verbalize to have introduced the technique of acupuncture. During the Han Dynasty, doctors were already using methods such as pulse-reading to examine patients for the purpose of diagnosis. Around 2nd century BCE, the Chinese discovered the anti-malarial properties of a plant called Artemisia (or Qing Hao), which they also used to cure skin diseases (apart from malaria). (1) It is the active substance called artemisinin or qinghaosu contained in the plant that enables it to fight the disease of malaria. It is so effective that even until today, this method of treatment continues to be used. Around 10th century CE, the inoculation or vaccination of smallpox was discovered in the southern province of Szechuan. It is said that Taoist alchemists, who lived as hermits in the mountain of O-Mei Shan, practiced this techniq ue of inoculation, which later caught the attention of the public when the eldest son of Prime Minister Wang Tan died of smallpox. Records of what may be diabetes have also been found in ancient Chinese texts. In the text Huang Di Nei Jing, a syndrome named xiao ke was described in detail. This syndrome was said to arise from take in too much fatty and sweet foods, a description that is very similar to type 2 or insulin-independent diabetes (the most common form of diabetes today). The Chinese produced even minor treatments like eye drops, made from a plant called the Mahuang and promoted the importance of proper diets as a way to cure inadequacy diseases. They made use of wine and hot water as medicine, and bronze knives and needles as surgical instruments.China has contributed quite a lot to the field of science and technology as well. Amazingly, many of these major scientific inventions, which are still in use today, began during the ancient times. Some of these discoveries wer e even accidental, which is the case for one of the most significant Chinese inventions in history gunpowder. During the Han Dynasty, alchemists did extensive research and conducted many experiments in search for the elixir of immortality. In their search, they made use of substances like mho and saltpeter, which led them to discover many chemical properties along the way. It was during the Tang Dynasty that they discovered that sulfur and saltpeter, when combined with charcoal, caused an explosive effect, which is known today as huoyao or gunpowder. pulverization is considered to be one of the four great inventions of China the other three are the compass, physical composition and make technique. The compass was invented during the Qin Dynasty and was used by travelers to find their way adventure home after traveling to far lands in search for jade and other great treasures. The compass was called zhi nan zhen, which meant needle pointing south. The first person to use this to ol was Zheng He of the Yunnan Province, who was ordered by the Emperor to make ocean voyages. some other invention, which was also used for determining direction, was invented by Huangdi and was called the zhi nan che or vehicle pointing south.Before paper came into existence, the Chinese would use bamboo slips, bones and tortoise shells to write on. Because these materials were bulky and heavy, many were discouraged from writing down their thoughts and daily experiences up until 105 CE, when the invention of paper was first reported. The name most attributed to this great invention is Tsai Lun, though it is not certain if he was the real inventor or just the court official that presented the invention to the emperor. Tsai Lun supposedly took inner bark of a mulberry tree along with bamboo fibers, and involved them with water. He then pounded this miscellanea with a wooden tool, poured it into a piece of woven cloth and let the water drain th rasping. The fibers that were remain ing behind on the cloth formed the paper material. The printing technique, which made use of carved wooden blocks, first appeared in early Tang Dynasty but only became widely used during the Song Dynasty. This new invention encouraged central and local governments to publish more books. It was Bi Sheng who invented movable type printing during the Song Dynasty.The first machines invented in China include the potters wheel, rich drilling devices, in effect(p) animals harnesses, the stirrup, escapements, wheelbarrows and the first computer. In 1st century CE, the Chinese invented the chain pump, which they still use until today. Around 132 CE, Zhang Heng invented the first ever seismograph, which was called the dragon jar. This device would simply register the occurrence of an earthquake using the eight dragonheads arranged around its brim. China is also the pioneer of wind direction devices including weather vanes. As early as 1st century BCE, the Chinese had records of wind season s. Methods like forensic entomology and fingerprinting were already used in 700 CE as a way of solving murders and identifying people. Thumbprints were found on form seals and on various official documents.The ancient Chinese people already had coal as an energy source as early as the Han Dynasty in hand with a coal mining industry. Coal was unearthed in Shan Hai Jing and Fushun in Northeast China. along with coal unearthed in residential areas, the Shui Jing Zhu or notes on waterways classic had a narration of one of the coalmines in Ancient China, the Bingjingtai. Coal mining made bully progress during the Song Dynasty wherein the government set up a special institution to facilitate coal mining and monopolize it.Now, a reasonable cluster of Chinese inventions were geared towards a particular aspect of life, making it easier and more enjoyable especially with the Chinese being biased towards the liberal arts as opposed to science because of the lack of conscious interest the p eople had towards science. A lot of inventions were pointed towards recreational use as well as making insouciant functions easier or at least open the way to innovation. These inventions also wound up being adapted by many Western cultures and are still used or can be connected to their Chinese grow. These inventions which we see in our culture in our daily lives often have unknown roots to as where they were invented. They could be as important as the paper bills system and toilet paper, or still as essential but on a lesser scale as restaurant menus and eyedrops.One of the greatest inventions of Ancient China is something we use in our everyday lives, paper. Although paper was ab initio used for wrapping and padding, the use of paper as a writing medium began in the 3rd century. newspaper had many new ways of being used which was due to the Chinese knack for innovation. 6th century China began using it as toilet paper, something we cant live without in our present day. Paper was also used to make tea bags during the Tang dynasty, an age of culture in Chinese history. These tea bags are now a popular worldwide drink. Paper was considered one of the greatest inventions of Ancient China because of the position it had with exchanges between the due east and the West. Paper is now seen in every society, culture, and part of the world as a essential medium for anything written or printed.A very important system we use today is the type of currency we use, paper money. Paper money or banknotes first appeared in China because the coins used for currency were sometimes too heavy to carry around especially for the rich folk. To address this problem, the coins were left to a trusted person in return for a piece of paper (Some kind of modern I.O.U) and the paper money was called jiaozi. Paper money or banknotes during ancient Chinese times often had a duration which discounted its value after some time until the reign of Kublai Khan during the Yuan dynasty in whi ch he removed the durations and called the banknotes Chao.Another great invention of the Ancient Chinese are often seen in homes and in our daily lives, the use of pottery, porcelain and silk. Chinese pottery dates as far back as 8000 years ago and as compared to all historical periods, Chinese pottery was the one that kept improving and surpassing the quality of other civilizations with pottery (2). The production of pottery and porcelain was a whole culture in itself representing the Chinese economy, culture, science and technology. Though pottery aesthesisted simple with simple shapes and rough features, the Chinese were able to mold it into something complex and beautiful for their culture. Among the most well-known works of pottery of Ancient China are the famous terracotta warriors and horses found in the tombs in Lintong of Shaanxi Province, the tomb of emperor Shihuang of the Qin dynasty. The tomb holding the terracotta army had thousands of clay soldiers and horses which h ad lifelike feautures and shows the skill of the ceramic artisans at that time. This marvelous display of the use of clay also represented the Chinese high value of life, believing that things in the tomb of people would accompany them in their second life, the afterlife. Though this belief started with the veridical killing of servants, warriors and horses, the Chinese were able to see the value of life and instead use figurines as a substitute. Pottery advanced in many time periods during the Ancient Chinese era, from the ceramics during the Tang Dynasty which had three main colors, yellow, green and white up until the Zisha Tao or purple-clay pottery. China is also known as the capital of porcelain, a white, rigid and water-resistant piece of pottery. The use of porcelain boomed during the Song Dynasty with the discovery of a wide variety of designs. Porcelain from the Yuan dynasty was also widely regarded as top quality. Ming and Qing dynasties also had its own admirers as seen in this description, as thin as paper, as bright as mirror, as white as snow, and as resonant as chime stone (2). Silk was also a big part of Chinese culture that was discovered from silkworms eating on their mulberry trees. Silk was unearthed as far back as 4700 years ago in the Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. The use of silk was already popular during the Shang dynasty. Chinese people even included how to counteract silkworm diseases in the Li Ji or the Book of Rites. Silk was used to increase the dignity of the noble people as well as to add to the allure of their women. It also became a major export even opening the Silk Road. Silk and ceramics show the Chinese rich economy and culture because of how they were able to develop these arts as well as trade them to the world. (3)Tea and Wine are two beverages whose roots our society knows little about yet consume on a great scale. The ancient Chinese were the first people to process tea and make it into a beverage. Tea was sai d to have been discovered by Shennong, a legendary god who was cured by tea leaves from a coma. Tea was valued in ancient China even being offered to rank officials as tributes and becoming an essential part of their everyday lives. People of the Tang dynasty had a saying that people can do without food2for several days but not a single day without tea. Tea was another valuable export of the Chinese people (4). The Chinese were also the first to discover wine. Yi Di was said to be the first to make wine and making wine probably started in the Yangshao period, about 4000 to 5000 years ago. The Chinese came up with many assorted methods of creating yeast for their wines, a sign of their innovation and creativity. A big achievement in Chinese history regarding wine was during the Song Dynasty, when hongqu or red yeast was used (5). Wine is a beverage that was adopted by the West and have been made in their own ways like the in the vineyards of Italy and other countries. A very impor tant spice was also given its first use by the Chinese, salt. It was as early as 2700 B.C.E. that salt was already used for pickling in China, salt trade also helped finance the Great Wall.The Chinese also made important contributions to Astronomy. Emperor Huangdi often observed the stars to make out a calendar as well as naming metal, wood, fire, water and earth as the five elements. He even understood the concept of edge months and days in the calendar. A lot of astronomers in China were able to observe the stars and was compiled by the astronomer Chen Zhou. With this map, people were able to make the star atlas and catalogue with coordinates for each star. The advanced techniques used by the Chinese astronomers during the Warring States Period prove that they led the world in astronomy and astronomic tools (6).There were also many minor inventions the Chinese had which was adopted by the west and used by society in the present day. They invented the kite initially for war but b ecame a tool for entertainment in the mid Tang Dynasty. Its popularity goes as far as the emperor Huizong actually presiding over a compilation about kites called A Collection of Kites from the Xuanhe Years (7). And their attempt to fit a man inside a kite led to the popular uttermost(a) sport we know today as Hang-gliding. Similar to the kites initial purpose, the hot-air balloon also became popular for entertainment during the Yuan dynasty wherein it attracted a lot of popular viewers. The trustworthy creator of the hot-air balloon was a war tactician named Zhuge Liang (8). Board bizs such as Mahjong also became popular because of the Chinese inventions, the Domino in particular (Dominoes). They were plain derived from the cubic dice, which had been popular in Ancient China. The Chinese even helped give us some popular sports the world acknowledges today, specifically Archery, Golf and even Football. Archery goes back all the way to the Paleolithic age in Shanxi Province wherei n archeologists unearthed finely made arrowheads. China was also the birthplace of the worlds number one sport, Football other than known as Soccer. Football was initially called cu ju which translates to kick ball in Ancient China. Inscriptions on bones and turtle shells during the Shang Dynasty proves that the sport was born in China. The ball was initially made of leather and hair while the first inflated ball was made during the late Tang Dynasty with the use of animal bladders. The game was said to have spread to the West because of wars with foreign countries(9). Chui wan or strike pellet is said to be the origin of the game Tiger wood dominates, Golf. Other minor inventions were the principle of camera obscura, an early way of projecting images. Mo-Ti, the inventor referred to his camera as locked treasure room.The Chinese made many inventions towards recreational use and enjoying life because of their bias towards the liberal arts. Although they still made great contributio ns to science, their contributions to culture, the classics, sports, and other activities are common in our world today. It is important that one knows the pedestal of these activities and objects one enjoys today so that proper credit may be given to the innovators.Now, creating a civilization like that of the Chinese does not come without consequences and at no cost. They did have to fight many contests both to unify themselves, and defend themselves from would be conquerors. In order to do this, they couldnt fall behind in terms of military might. To make sure that they always had the upper hand, the Chinese invented many simple, yet effective tools of war. The Military inventions of ancient China were the kite, the wheelbarrow, naval mines, land mines, the flamethrower, the early form of mustard gas, the fire lance, paper armor, and the crossbow.The wheelbarrow is speculated to have already been invented by at least the first century BCE. They were primarily used for war in th at they were an efficient way to carry around large quantities of supplies, or heavy supplies such as armor, weapons, and ammunition. They were chosen over the larger vehicles because first, they could be operated by a person which was favorable over oxen in battle, and second, because they were more maneuverable around difficult terrain. They had many variations depending on the situation. Some wheelbarrows used single central wheels while others used two wheels. One famous variation of the3wheelbarrow was the add-on of a sail. This innovation allowed the wheelbarrows to travel up to 40 miles per hour. (10)Another invention that seems completely unrelated to war is the kite. The Mozi mentioned kites in 400 BCE. Kites were described as a bird constructed from bamboo and wood. (10) The materials used to produce kites were primarily silk and bamboo. Silk was the most jackanapes and most durable material at the disposal of the Chinese, while bamboo was the lightest, and one of the mos t durable types of wood available. It is speculated that kites were used to signal the soldiers in armies during and outside of battle with instructions. For instance, different colored kites carried different orders for armies.As if the Chinese hadnt already proven that anything could be used in war, they began using paper for armor. Yes, thats right. The Chinese used paper for armor. The paper armor was highly praised for its warmth, comfort, and durability. In detail, in 1625, Mao Yuanyi, a Yellow Turban Rebel during the Han Dynasty, wrote the best choice for foot soldiers is paper armor, mixed with a variety of silk and cloth. (11)The new weapons invented by the Chinese during these times were the Fire Lance, the Crossbow, the Flamethrower, Naval Mines, Land Mines, and the precursor to mustard gas. Naval mines were made by set gunpowder in a barrel sealed with putty. They were all timed or made to explode by a hidden ambusher that would pull a cord and activate a Wheelock to create a spark and set off the explosion when an enemy ship sailed too close. Landmines functioned in pretty much the same way. Hidden ambushers would wait for enemies before lighting hidden fuses to set off the landmines. They did however, have an automatic way of activation. These automated land mines used lading drives. When a person steps on the landmine, the weights drop, activate a flame, and set off the landmine.The fire lance was the precursor to the gun. It was a bamboo tube that was subscribeed with either a projectile or poison dart. These tubes were tied on to spears and then ignited to set off the gunpowder and launch the projectile. (11) The crossbow functions much like the crossbows of today. They had a string that was latched onto the tip of a trigger. When the trigger is pulled, the crossbow bolt flies. The Chinese flamethrower used double-action bellows placed beneath a hot cauldron with a mixture much like Greek-fire to spew fire. (11) It was the first type of f lamethrower that could continuously shoot fire. The precursor to mustard gas was a simple mixture of around fifteen pounds of feces, herbs, and poison. When lobbed into a battle, it irritated and blistered skin. It was highly favored since it penetrated armor. (11)4All of these weapons, with the exception of the flamethrower, show which side the Chinese were commonly on in battle. First of all, projectile weapons such as the Fire Lance and Crossbow are dangerous to use in skirmishes, and when the people shooting them do not have the high ground because of the chances of friendly fire. establish on that knowledge, these weapons were most probably used from castle walls, hills, and early in battle, before the skirmishes begin. Naval mines, land mines, and the early mustard gas were of course used as traps. But when and where are traps set? They are often set to fend off an invasion in ones home territory. This tells us that these were primarily protective weapons. They were most effe ctive in battles where the Chinese were able to choose where the battles would take place. What does all of this tell us? It tells us that the Chinese defended their land more than conquered. They held off invasions, rebellions, and raids more than attack foreigners.The Chinese opened the door for the golden ages of technology. Their inventions paved the way for great thinkers and great nations alike to create things never heard of before and to conceive new ways of doing things.Its obvious that not all the worlds innovations came from China, but it is safe to say that many of them were either adapted from ancient Chinese inventions or simply continuations of the inventions themselves. Things like the compass, for example, are Western adaptations of Chinese south pointing chariots. China, with all its riches, land, and manpower, was the perfect place for innovation to flourish.But why did the Chinese invent? It is natural for a person to explore and experiment with his environment, but what the Chinese did was not merely exploration and random wonderment. They wondered with a goal, and they explored with direction.5It can be said that, based on their early inventions, they created because they valued the gift of life highly. They sought not only to exist, but also to live. To merely go throughout life severance ones back for daily meals did not appeal to them. They created tools such as the wheelbarrow and trip hammer that would help alleviate the workload of everyday life. They created games such as Cu Ju and Chui Wan that would allow one to enjoy life. They created practices and medicine to sustain life. They created things such as the early seismograph and star maps to understand life and the world around them. They also created weapons, but not with the primary purpose of destroying life, but with the purpose of protecting life and protecting order.However, compared to the Western Civilizations, China churned out massive amounts of innovations. What did China have that allowed it to invent so much so quickly compared to the Western Civilizations? Well, the first factor would be Chinas immense resources. They had the means to support research and culture within their population and the means to mass-produce the new inventions. The second factor was that they generally lived in times of peace. While they did have many periods of war, the periods of peace, or at least relative peace allowed the Chinese to focus on improving their society. The third factor is exactly the opposite of the second. War forced them to create new weapons. There is an old saying, In peace culture prospers, in war science flourishes. The fourth factor would be the trade routes. China was exposed to many different cultures. Technology was oftentimes the most valuable commodity traded. While the Chinese inventions were oftentimes not direct descendants or copies of foreign technology, they were most likely influenced by them.There is one factor that does seem t o stand out above the rest, and this is need. The Chinese had many needs. They involve to meet the demands for food by a growing population, they needed to understand human ailments to be able to treat people, they needed to find more efficient ways of transporting supplies and more efficient ways of navigating rivers. Need is probably the single greatest driving force that the Chinese had. Like it was said in the movie Robots, See a need, fill a need.Although the Chinese did have a general sense of direction with their inventing, there was also the factor of luck. In the creation of gunpowder, for instance, it was by chance that they realized a mix of saltpeter, sulfur, and coal produced an explosive effect. Like Doctor Marquez says, Innovation happens when readiness meets serendipity.Our present world cannot be divided into a West and an East but as a joint creation of East and West, of China and other countries. Chinas society has had its ups and downs during its different dyna sties. A strong foundation was built during the Spring, nightfall and Warring States periods which laid down a foundation for the development of science and technology. The Han and Tang dynasties wherein nations were unified, the Wei and Jin dynasties wherein the country was divided or the Song and Ming dynasties which enjoyed prosperity. All these different dynasties and up and downs in Ancient Chinese history, even the Yuan and Qing dynasty, which had leaders coming from ethnic minorities. All these times contribute to the Chinese success with innovation as compared to the West. And although the Chinese were responsible for a lot of firsts, the West can still be given credit for further advancing these firsts in their own ways.The fact that the Chinese lead the world in technology does not necessarily mean that they were the brightest or best. A lot of factors came into play that allowed the Chinese to invent so many things and advance in technology. In the end, it all comes down to the right circumstances. What probably put the Chinese in the perfect situation is again, serendipity.SourcesDeng, Yinke. Ancient Chinese Inventions. Cultural China Series ed. China ChinaIntercontinental Press, 2005. battle cry Number In Library General Circulation T27.C5 D4613Kleeman, Terry F., and Tracy Barrett. The Ancient Chinese World. Oxford OxfordUniversity Press, 2005.Call Number in Library General Circulation DS741.5.K55Hochman, Karen. Salt biography. Gourmet Food Magazine Website The Nibble GourmetFood Gifts, Specialty Food, Mail Order, Online Gift Webzinehttp//www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/salts/history-of-salt.asp (accessed January 12, 2011).Wicken, Jonathan. Ancient Warfare. Fight Game E-Magazine.www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=676 (accessed January 12, 2011).Murphey, Rhoads. A History of Asia. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ etc PearsonEducation, 2009.Ho, Peng Yoke, and F. Peter Lisowski. A Brief History of Chinese Medicine. 2nd ed.Singapore World Scientific, 1997. pp. 9-25.Call Number in Library R601.H6 1997Wisconsin Paper Council. The Invention of Paper.http//www.wipapercouncil.org/invention.htm (accessed January 10, 2011).Marashi, Reza, Yang, George, and Chan, Anthony. Chinese Inventions. Oracle ThinkQuest. http//library.thinkquest.org/15618/inventor.htm (accessed January 10, 2011).Case study End of Life CareCase study End of Life CareIn describing a situation in which my integrity was challenged I would first like to give some background. This involved a patient I cared for and I will anonymize the situation for privacy concerns he will be referred to as Patient A. The patient was a middle aged male who had been diagnosed with cancer. He initially declined therapy due to personal beliefs that he and his wife had about alternative medicine. A year later, with progression of his cancer, he agree to chemotherapy but by then his cancer was very advanced. He initially came under my care at the end stage of his cancer, and wh en I admitted him I did not expect he would survive to discharge. His wife was of the opinion that he had declined because he agreed to chemotherapy and expected him to improve now that chemotherapy had been stopped. During his admission he improved and was discharged. At discharge I went over his condition with him and his wife, and discussed his expected continued decline in detail.About one month after this I again admitted Patient A. He was in very bad shape and had not eaten much for about a month. He needed to be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. He was lethargic, with a waxing and waning mental status. I was worried that he would not be able to let down properly and would likely aspirate (with attendant complications including pneumonia) if fed, so I held off on feeding him till his mental status improved, sustaining him in the interim with endovenous nutrition/fluids. I also stopped some medications he had been on prior to admission including synthroid, a medication for thyroid dysfunction. I initially discussed Patients As condition with him (when he was more awake) and he decided he did not want to be resuscitated if his heart stopped. When his wife was available I sit down with her and we had a long discussion concerning his condition and his prognosis. She was very personable but was convinced that his prognosis was better than I was making out. She was also very concerned about Patient A not eating and not getting his thyroid medications. I explained the rationale for my not wanting him to eat yet and explained that thyroid medication could worsen a complication he had at that time. Despite our conversation she was still convinced that his prognosis was pretty good. I ended the conversation by asking her to think on things and promising to discuss further with her at a later time. However, when I did see her later she accuse me of not taking adequate care of her husband. She matte up I was giving up on him and leaving him to starve. She also felt he would be doing better with his thyroid medication. She requested that a different physician be put in charge of her husband.Taking care of patients at the end stage of life can be difficult. It is especially so when the patients are relatively young. The surviving family members also often have survivors guilt, with a propensity to feel they could have make more. In this case Patient As wife believed there was a lot more that could be done that could change the outcome.I felt her heraldic bearing was a challenge to my integrity and was very taken aback, especially as I thought we had come to an understanding when last we spoke. She was essentially accusing me of not only inadequate care but of harming my patient. I gave Patient As primary care physician a call to discuss how she had been interacting with Patient A and his wife. I then sat down again with Patient As wife and we had another long discussion at the end of which I agreed to let Patient A try to eat. I agreed to this understanding that he could aspirate. In view of his expected imminent demise I felt if he could get some comfort from eating, it would be worthwhile. However I did not agree to recommence Patient As thyroid medication which would at that point have hastened his demise.I believe I was at fault in not adequately addressing her concerns initially. She was seeing individual trees and not the forest. But I was also taking a coldly clinical approach. While I was clinically right, a deeper view should have shown me that at that point his comfort and his wifes atonement that he had received appropriate care should have been paramount.

Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America

business line and Debt War and the Nation- reconcile in Latin the StatesBook Review Miguel Angel Centeno. Blood and Debt War and the Nation-State in Latin the States. Penn State University Press 2002.Centenos book begins with the mystery of absence of interstate warfare-what he calls limited war-in Latin America, and then goes into the genealogy of state development in South America and the occasion of war on that continent. His historically contextualized analysis of warfare takes up the imbricated factors of class structure, organizational magnate, and global restraints in Latin America. He characterizes the Latin Ameri mickle states institutional and administrative capacity as non well developed as a result of divisions among dominant class structures, foreign power influence and control, which in bust have contributed to the states relatively peaceful history. He succinctly argues that they have been relatively peaceful because they dont have sophisticated political institu tions to exercise wars -the no States-no Wars argument.1Centeno contends that the lack of strong state institutions and limited state capacity accounts for these states inability to create autonomy and finance these wars through internal revenue rather, this created addiction on foreign government loans that in turn weakened local capacity to create autonomy and thwarted the establishment of strong central institutions.2 exotic loan dependency created the conditions for the weakening of the possibility of creating strong central institutions that resulted in limited state capacity and the associated limited scale of war.3 According to Centeno, limited war4 does not require the political or military mobilization of the society except (and not al elans) in the euphoric initial moments.5 Foreign intervention based on trade interests also limited the scale of Latin American wars.6Centeno substantiates his argument with assessments of the capacity of Latin American governments to coll ect taxes, raise troops, and establish utile bureaucracies. evenly pregnant is his argument about the ability of governments to galvanize nationalism, an ethos that creates a coherent concept of nation.7 Based on comparative insight derived from North Atlantic nations, he argues that compared to Latin American states, these nations have more capacity to mobilize millions of troops to fight, financed through internally raised revenue from taxes.8I commit Centenos ferment is substantial as it provides a thorough analysis and critique of state-building theory based on empirical study. His produce invests more attention in the Latin America region and makes a country-specific study to understand the particularities and nuances of generic state-building theory. His work draws attention to institutional analysis of states. As he writes, This magnificent display of institutional chastening deserves march on attention.9Centeno argues that Latin America has fought limited wars and f urther inquires into the meaning of this in an attempt to better understand the relationship between war and state-making. His work opens the adit for deconstructing conventional nation-building theory, which is largely based on a Eurocentric account of war. Grounded in a set of empirical data and rigorous analysis, Centenos comminuted work illustrates how war contributed to the weakening of institutions, paying due attention to the fiscal aspect of the state, and shows how war in Latin America ruined institutions and resulted in more intrench internal divisions.10 He discusses the institutional capacity of the state as a central theme to explicate and critique the regional history and political development, and he examines wars impact, how it has shaped state-society relationships, national identity and fiscal development.Centeno repeatedly emphasizes the fact that states in Latin America did not develop the kind of institutional strength of their horse opera European counterp arts. The author is puzzled by the process and experience and consequences of war in Latin America and how this relates to states institutional strength and capacity to undertake war in a way that has shaped their creation. Based on multiple cases, Centenos historical development of each case and the experience of war illustrates the exigencies, contextual factors, and relative dimensions that all must be taken into account in order to determine, understand and explain variations and commonalties across the continent.This theoretical approach and these methodological insights are critical to assessing the development of the state based on European history and experience while complementing the theoretical discussion of the development of the state on both levelscapturing country-specific variations and theorizing or bringing in theoretical explanations for differences and commonalities. Understanding and explaining regional and country-specific variations using comparative methods provides relevant details to critically engage conventional state-building theory. Through this work, I acquire that correspondence variations and contextualizing analysis case by case is an important approach. The author uses the prism of war-state development bellicist model11 as an important theoretical framework to problematize and further explain the nuances and regional and country-specific conditions and factors that alter and critique Eurocentric generalizations of the causal relationship between war and state development. Indeed, Centeno uses the counterfactual realties of Latin America to successfully refute the European model of state-building theory that suggests that wars created modern states and enhanced their institutions, creating the capacity for states to exploit resources, monopolize violence and make more wars. In fact, he successfully illustrates how (limited) wars in Latin America destroyed institutions and thwarted nation-state building. Here, he introduces internal factors such as class structure, internal elite divisions and the enduring impact of postcolonial chaos, noting how all contributed, along with the international factors related to how trade interest played out and to debt/loan dependence.An important lesson we can draw from this book is that the experience of war in Latin America, its role and influence on state creation (both the types and kinds of state formation) are distinct here, different from the significant role war played in the development of whatever European states. No doubt more cases from Latin America and elsewhere would further refute, contextualize, deconstruct and critique the conventional presuppositions, assumptions and models of state-building theory. The complex historical realties of states problematize and create an expound space for other factors, beyond war, providing complementary explanations related to creation of the state.Centenos central message is that the link between war and state-buil ding is contingent on historical specificities and case-specific factors. However, his work does not help us to understand how strong states could develop without wars. The logic in Centenos theory and argument is important as it highlights important elements in value the link between war-making and state-making as understood in conventional theories, putting the focus on certain contingent factors-history, domestic socio-economic and political structures, and international politics.1 Centeno, M. A. (2002). Blood and debt War and the nation-state in Latin America. Penn State Press.p 262 Ibid p 28 and Chapter 33 Ibid4 Ibid p 20-265 Ibid p 216 Ibid p 26 and 72-737 Ibid p. 23, 7 and Chapter 4 and 58 Ibid p 108- 109 191 and Chapter 59 Ibid p 1710 Ibid p 142 -145, 14, 6-7 and Chapter 311 Ibid p. 19 and 266What Makes a Teacher Effective?What Makes a Teacher Effective?What do you think it means to be an effective instructor?An effective teacher utilises aspects of their background, prof essional knowledge and personality to boost students academic growth (Whitton, Barker, Nodworthy, Sinclair, Phil, 2004). The favourable characteristics that chase an effective teacher are their high boldness, optimism and knowledge of the content. Effective teachers are confident in their knowledge, skills and their ability to guide students as well as liveliness secure about their status as master of their subject. As well as having confidence in themselves, teachers must have confidence in their students, and believe that they will learn (Killen, 2013). The teacher should have strong beliefs that even the most complicated concept can be explained in such a way that students find it easy to learn. The teachers deeper understanding of the content should provide a means that makes it easy for them as teachers to alter known concepts to suit the students, making it easier for students to consume (Killen, 2013). tenet is more than just presenting content, our Australian curriculum d isplays content that students must intake and how their academic level should be judged e.g. Tests and exams. A starting point for an effective teacher is to understand that learnedness is based on understanding the concept of the content, and the means of an effective teacher is to motivate learners from a state of not understanding to deeper understanding (Killen, 2013). Teachers must be able to create an milieu where learners can understand the content presented. Specific techniques that are used to effectively create this environs submit the transformation of the content to something that is easier to understand, motivating learners and engaging them in reading tasks and the teachers adaptability to different students and different learning styles (Killen, 2013). Interactions with students gives teachers the chance to know what is happening around the class get on so teachers have a chance to manipulate their commandment style to best suit the students (Whitton et al., 20 16).Why do teachers need to purposely plan for learning? proviso is an important technique teachers use to amplify student achievement as well as teacher satisfaction, the best teachers are able to rise and deliver the best learning experience through thoughtful planning. Overall planning put into class rooms should meet the curriculum requirements and learning needs, to further extend student academic achievement and make the learning experience worthwhile (Whitton et al., 2016). In order for students to meet the learning goals set out by the curriculum, teachers must understand the importance of effective planning. An effective plan helps students to learn purposefully with more efficiency as time is always a coyness in a class room, a developed plan also helps the teacher to clarify what goals are set for students and a flavor by step process on how to achieve those goals (Killen, 2013). An in-depth plan can boost the teachers confidence as it mirrors to the teacher that they understand the content the students want to learn, the increase in confidence will propel the overall instruct effectiveness. Purposely planning for learning is a must if a teacher is to grow in the art of teaching as it develops the teachers capability for effective teaching and gives a mean to reflect on their planning and effectiveness (Killen, 2013).A plan for learning needs to be effective in order to ensure the learning procedure is productive. Teaching can be simplified into a learning cycle Planning, implementing then evaluating. Planning requires thorough knowledge of the students in the class their age, gender, interests, learning styles, academic talents and social / emotional states all come into effect when identifying the most effective techniques to be highlighted in the plan (Whitton et al., 2016). Knowledge and understanding of the curriculum must also be taken into account when setting up the plan so learning outcomes can be met. With an active and comprehensive p lan the implementing of the actual teaching shows more effectiveness, evaluation of the lesson taught will provide feedback to the teacher on if the content and process was fitted for the students (Whitton et al., 2016). The purpose of the lesson taught must be clear so that students know why each lesson is important, simultaneously the lesson should also be used by the teacher as means to guide their planning (Killen, 2013)How can effective teachers best engage students in learning?Engaging students in learning is just as important as teaching the students. In order for learners to take in the content being taught they must be focused on the objective and have a clear understanding as to why theyre being taught this. Various strategies are used together by teachers to best engage students to learn. Lesson introductions are one of the study components to strike learners and have them drawn into the learning experience, a lesson introduction should spark the students interests and have them touch sensation connected to the learning surround (Whitton et al., 2016). Just as we discussed in the tutorial in week 3 examples to get the class interested in learning are setting up display materials, objects that students can consult and build understanding through a hands-on experience (e.g. cutting fruit into pieces when examining fractions) or reading a childrens book as audio-visual resource. The introductions should always be related to the topic and spark interests (Whitton et al., 2016). Just as lesson introductions lesson closures should also be given high amounts of attention. The lesson closure must also be relevant and involve the learners to make them aware that the lesson is over. Recapping what occurred, having groups display their work or discuss amongst themselves are good closures that give the teacher an idea if learning outcomes were met during the lesson (Whitton et al., 2016).Therere are many teaching and learning strategies, all the strategies can be broken down into 4 planning components content, process, products and environment. The content is what is taught, process is how the content is taught, products are the teachers themselves that guide and help students (Whitton et al., 2016). uncovering learning is a strategy used that challenges students understanding and their thinking skills, this strategy of learning focuses on the students, expecting them to develop a outcome and a method to the solution (Whitton et al., 2016). Discovery lessons require hands-on research activities to best engage the students. The advantages of discovery learning are that students are involved in the process of learning, the actives used in this type of learning are more meaningful and students acquire their own research and reflective skills (Westwood Peter, 2008).Why is developing positive conversation skills important for effective teachers?The idea of enforcing positive communication skills upon teachers to further present in the classroom serve a clear purpose, an effective teacher will use their communication skills to create a rich and positive learning environment. Specific teaching strategies, skills and attitudes impact the learning environment as a whole and in turn these characteristics of the teacher can be manipulated and adjusted and then presented with strong communication skills to the students in order to gage their interests and create a healthy, productive classroom (Whitton et al., 2016). In an educational setting the relationship the teacher has with the students has a significant impact on the communication that occurs between teacher and student (Howell, 2014). If a teacher builds a positive relationship with their students there is a direct influence on the type of communication they will engage in, positive relationships opens a positive environment and negative relationships will generate a negative environment (Howell, 2014).An effective teacher will aim to promote a positive learnin g environment through means of displaying approachability and showing assertiveness in their communication. Assertiveness is categorised as communication style as well as hostility and passivity (Howell, 2014). A good teacher will avoid aggressive and passive styles in communicating as they foster a negative learning environment but should focus on being assertive. The assertive teacher will display the capabilities to be an effective active listener non-judgemental able to stockpile himself with honesty respect others values able to check on others feelings, all while being proactive, flexible, trustworthy and confident (Howell, 2014). All these highlighted qualities make the teacher approachable, if a student finds a teacher approachable theyre more likely to confide with the teacher and should they have a problem in the future they will feel encouraged to come to the teacher to share their concerns and feelings (Whitton et al., 2016). By advocating positive relationships and co mmunication, through assertiveness and approachability teachers promote a healthy and positive classroom environment for effective learning (Whitton et al., 2016 Howell,2014).ReferencesWhitton, D., Sinclair, C., Barker K., Nosworthy, M., Humphries, J., Sinclair, C. (2016)Learning for teaching Teaching for learning. VIC, Australia CengageKillen, R. (2013). Effective teaching strategies Lessons from research and practice. South Melbourne, Australia Cengage Learning Australia. Retrieved from http//CURTIN.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1696408Westwood, P. (2008). What teachers need to know about. VIC, Australia genus Acer Press. Retrieved fromhttp//search.informit.com.au.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/documentSummarydn=569324157817332res=IELHSSHowell, J. (2014). Teaching and learning Building effective pedagogies. South Melbourne, Australia Oxford. Retrieved fromhttp//ebookcentral.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/lib/curtin/detail.action?docID=4191370

Free Essays - False Pride in The Necklace :: Mauassant The Necklace Essays

False Pride in The Necklace      In Mauassants essay, The Necklace Matilda Loisel borrowed a necklace from a rich fri set aside, Mrs Forestier, so that she would non present a shabby air in the midst of rich women. She loses the necklace but refuses to admit that. Her and her husband, not realizing that the necklace was fake, buy a similar necklace to return to Mrs Forestier. They end up having to work for ten years to pay off this debt. All of Mme. Loisels actions leading up to the loss of the necklace were directed by an attempt to maintain her fictitious sense of pride, for which she gave up her dignity over the next ten years. Mme Loisels thoughts and actions were conditionsed by her vain character. As Maupassant says, she felt that she was made for frocks, jewels, elegant dinners, and admirers. Since she and her husband were poor, she would weep for eld from chagrin, form regret, from despair adn disappointment. When her and her husband wer invited to a fancy ball, she couldnt stand the thought of looking simple. She would be ashamed if she couldnt at least look equal to the new(prenominal) women at the ball. True pride comes from self respect or satisfaction in achievement. Mme Loisels only pride came from her physical appearance. She also had always wanted to educe pride through having material possesions. Her sense of self-importance at the ball was essentially claimed without right since it stemmed only from her outfit. This feeling lasted for one night, but the consequences of that even continued for ten years. Because of her false pride, Mme. Loisel did not think of different avenues to solve her problem and did not weigh the effects of her decision. The most obvious alternative would produce been to be honest with Mrs Forestier. Even if the necklace were real, I doubt that she would have asked the Loisels, who were poor, to re dumbfound such an expensive item. Instead, as always, Mme Loisel tried to maintain this false pride. The Loisels had a strenuous time giving up only 400 francs for dress she had worn at the ball. They didnt go out and buy a necklace in the first place because they couldnt afford it, so I dont see any justification in going out to buy a replacement necklace for the lost one.

The Other Fort Knox :: Personal Narrative Papers

The Other build up Knox The first Wednesday in July found me crammed into a fourteen-passenger van with enough adolescents to fill it to capacity. Actually, it was nevertheless four girls and three boys, plus the three other leaders, but stuffed in the very back with three smelly boys Jonathan, Andrew, and Aaron it seemed like the van was about to burst. They could prevail had more room if they had chosen to spread out, but then they would have been forced to occupy seats adjacent to girls, a horrible situation for all ten year old boy.We were headed to Bucksport, Maine, a two-hour trip from my house, to tour and explore Fort Knox. It is probably not the Fort Knox that one immediately thinks of there atomic number 18 actually two Fort Knoxs in the United States. James Bond was never at this Fort Knox, nor was any gold. Just in case, though, I told the boys that I would give my car to anyone who found gold. This would have been a threat to person over the age of eighteen, b ut their eyes got quite large at the prospect of winning something that had four tires.This Fort Knox was built for protecting the independence newly won from the British in the mid nineteenth century. Located at the mouth of the Penobscot River, Fort Knox is a heavily fortified defensive point. The fort boasts of remarkable engineering and a fascinating labyrinth of passage bureaus. With thirty foot laid-back walls of huge granite blocks, and cannons that could fire a four hundred and fifty pound ball a distance of three miles, Fort Knox would have been a inexorable foe for the British navy.When we arrived, two of the group leaders, Sarah and Josh, went to go set up lunch, while my wife, Mary Ella, and I took the kids on a brief pre-tour. Since it was only half an hour before lunch, we decided to go down to explore one of the batteries. A battery is a small point outside the fort for artillery. Fort Knox is on a large hill overlooking the mouth of the river. At Fort Knox, there are two batteries located a little way down the hill from the fort. This allows the fort to fire on an enemy from multiple locations, and it allows for more artillery than the fort alone could hold.